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Residential segregation in Greater Vancouver
Visible minorities have become highly concentrated in Vancouver and its suburbs.〔Ghettos in Canada's cities? Racial Segregation, ethnic enclaves and poverty concentration in Canadian urban areas () P278〕 The proportion of visible minorities in Vancouver increased from 14 percent to 37 percent of the population between 1981 and 2001.〔Statistics Canada. 2003 Canada's Ethnocultural Portrait: The Changing Mosaic (Ottawa: Statistics Canada Census Analysis Series) Cat. 96F0030XIE2001008〕 Vancouver has less residential segregation of its ethnic minorities compared to older Canadian cities such as Montreal.〔Residential Segregation of Visible Minorities in Canada's gateway cities (Residential Segregation of visible minorities in Canada's Gateway cities ) P207〕 However, the city does exhibit some residential segregation, as demographic data shows visible minority concentrations vary by neighbourhood in Vancouver.〔Residential Segregation of Visible Minorities in Canada's gateway cities () P218〕 In general, East Vancouver has higher visible minority concentrations than Vancouver westside.〔Residential Segregation of Visible Minorities in Canada's gateway cities (Residential Segregation of visible minorities in Canada's Gateway cities ) P218〕 Higher visible minority concentrations are also found in nearby suburbs such as Richmond, Surrey, Burnaby and New Westminster.〔 Most recent immigrants choose to locate in peripheral neighbourhoods in Greater Vancouver.〔Hiebert, D. 1999. "Immigration and the changing social geography of greater Vancouver" BC Studies 121, 35-82〕 It is speculated that Canada's multiculturalism policies may have prevented greater segregation from the dominant groups, both in terms of residential location and in the labour market.〔Residential Segregation and Socio-economic Integration of Asians in Canadian cities ()〕
==Causes==
Segregation may have both voluntary and involuntary causes,〔 so residential segregation is not necessarily due to racism. Since a large number of visible minorities in Vancouver are recent immigrants and from non-Western countries, sense of ethnic identity, languages and custom make immigrants to voluntarily choose to live in racially segregated neighborhoods.〔 Immigrant settlement patterns in Canada are closely related to circumstances in the housing market,〔 but immigrants vary significantly in terms of their socioeconomic status and housing conditions.〔 Housing affordability segregates people in different socioeconomic class,.〔Residential Segregation of Visible Minorities in Canada's gateway cities (Residential Segregation of visible minorities in Canada's Gateway cities ) P208〕 Housing affordability segregates different racial groups as well since visible minorities, both Canadian-born and foreign-born, have lower earnings than the white population.〔 Hence, less visible minorities concentration in affluent Vancouver neighbourhoods such as Point Grey, Kitsilano or even affluent suburbs such as West Vancouver,〔Residential Segregation of Visible Minorities in Canada's gateway cities (Residential Segregation of visible minorities in Canada's Gateway cities )〕 whereas higher visible minority concentrations found in East Vancouver and nearby suburbs such as Richmond, Surrey, Burnaby and New Westminster, where housing price is lower compaing to Vancouver Westside.〔 Immigrants are more likely to commute on public transit than the Canadian born, and that they commute from a more geographically dispersed area, so more visible minority immigrant groups live in North, East and Central Vancouver, Surrey and New Westminster, concentrated near routes serviced by the Sky Train and Sea Bus system.〔Public Transit Use Among Immigrants () p.10〕
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